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Salmon Habitat Monitoring Program

Contacts:
- Emily Zimmermann 207-446-1003
- Net Pen Aquaculture:
- Permitting: Gregg Wood 207-287-7693
- Compliance: vacant
Maine is home to the only remaining populations of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the United States. These constitute the Gulf of Maine Distinct Population Segment (DPS), which has been listed as endangered since 2000. As anadromous fish, salmon face a large suite of threats to survival in both fresh and saltwater environments, including dams, pollution, and (historically) overfishing. Water quality is an essential component of suitable habitat for spawning and rearing. DEP monitors the water quality and biological communities in Maine's Atlantic salmon rivers and streams in close collaboration with state and federal agencies and non-profit groups, with the goal to restore and enhance the populations of this endangered species. Work is guided by Maine's water quality standards (38 M.R.S. Section 464 4-A; for further information see Maine's water classifications) and the Collaborative Management Strategy's Atlantic Salmon Recovery Plan.
Temperature and Flow
Higher temperatures often coincide with summer low flow conditions, including low dissolved oxygen.Seasonal droughts exacerbate these sub-optimal conditions. Low flows may prevent movementof salmon to areas of refuge with cooler, oxygenated water, such as small tributaries or groundwater seeps. Salmon exposed to sub-optimal conditions such as these may experience sub-lethal physiological stress. If recovery between stressful episodes is inadequate, or if conditions are extreme, the stream may not be habitable for Atlantic salmon. The protection of riparian zones and in-stream refugia increases the resiliency of the ecosystem to stressful conditions, and is therefore important for the health of fish populations.
Acidification
The Clean Air Act has reduced the acidity of precipitation, however in Eastern Maine the detrimental impacts due to acid rain are still predicted due to the shallow soils characteristic of this region. Two centuries of logging in addition to acid rain have depleted the base cations from the system. The low buffering capacity of the underlying bedrock and surficial geology of the region result in greater impacts from acidification. Most waters in eastern Maine periodically experience acidic conditions (pH <6.5), resulting in detrimental impacts to salmon, especially during snow melt and spring/fall runoff. Liming acidic waters (using agricultural lime) has increased salmon abundance in Scandinavia and Nova Scotia, and has been recommended as a restoration action for Maine. A 2009 MEDEP pilot study investigating the efficacy of using clam shells to lime streams suggested a trend towards improved habitat quality, but further investigation is merited to determine the efficacy of the method as a restoration tool.
Reports
- Temple Stream dam removal:
- Water Quality During a Small Dam Removal on Temple Stream (PDF) (April 2023)
- Water Quality in Temple Stream (PDF) (April 2022)
- Water Quality in Orbeton Stream (PDF) (April 2021)
- Water Quality in Seboeis River (PDF) (February 2020)
- Water Quality in Wassataquoik Stream (PDF) (February 2019)
- Acid mitigation and fisheries restoration in Eastern Maine:
- East Machias Watershed Study:
- Third Year of Clam Shells (PDF) (February 2022)
- Second year of Clam Shells (PDF) (April 2021; Video presentation, 22:47, March 2021)
- First year of Clam Shells (PDF) (February 2020)
- Baseline Summary Report (PDF) (March 2019)
- Baseline Data Report - Year 1 (PDF) (April 2018) and Summary - Year 1 (PDF) (April 2018)
- Pilot Study: Second Annual Report (PDF) (April 2012); Third Annual Report (PDF) (April 2013); Fourth Annual Report (PDF) (January 2014)
- East Machias Watershed Study:
- Water Quality in the Upper East Branch Penobscot River (PDF) (September 2018)
- Impact of Katahdin Iron Works on Water Quality (PDF) (June 2010)
- Penjajawoc Stream Baseline Water Quality (PDF) (June 2010). Summary of first two years of volunteer monitoring.
- Water Chemistry of the Narraguagus River (PDF) (November 2008). Review of all available data.
Data and Maps
Salmon data are housed in DEP's central database, the Environmental and Geographic Analysis Database (EGAD). Salmon habitat is cataloged in the Maine Stream Habitat Viewer. Stream temperature data can be accessed in SHEDS.
Further Information on Salmon
- State of Wild North Atlantic Salmon (NASCO)
- Salmon fact sheets (NOAA)
- Species in the Spotlight (NOAA)
- Salmon aquaculture (Maine Aquaculture Innovation Center)