STATE OF MAINE MAINE LABOR RELATIONS BOARD Case No. 86-01 Issued: January 24, 1986 ________________________________ ) TEAMSTERS LOCAL UNION NO. 48, ) State, County, Municipal and ) University Employees in the ) State of Maine, ) ) Complainant, ) ) DECISION AND ORDER v. ) ) TOWN OF FORT FAIRFIELD, ) ) Respondent. ) ________________________________) The questions presented in this prohibited practice case are whether the Town of Fort Fairfield (hereinafter referred to as "Employer") violated 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 964(1)(E) by unilaterally offering overtime work to the Reserve Officers of the Fort Fairfield Police Department before offering it to the full-time Patrolmen, as had alle- gedly been the past practice, and whether the Employer violated 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 964(1)(B) and (A) by issuing a written reprimand to the Union steward, allegedly without just cause. Finding that there was no established past practice concerning the allocation of overtime work and that the written reprimand was deserved, we hold that the Employer's actions did not transgress any provision of the Municipal Public Employees Labor Relations Act ("Act"), 26 M.R.S.A. ch. 9-A. The prohibited practices complaint, filed pursuant to 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 968(5)(B) by Teamsters Local Union No. 48 ("Union"), was received on August 14, 1985. The Union's complaint alleged that the Employer's actions violated 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 964(1)(A), (B), (C), (D) and (E). The Employer filed its answer on September 4, 1985, denying that its actions violated any portion of the Act and moving to dismiss the Union's complaint. A prehearing conference on the case was held on September 12, 1985, Alternate Chairman Donald W. Webber presiding. By agreement of -1- the parties at the prehearing conference, the complaint was dismissed as to Fort Fairfield Town Manager Alphonse Dixon, as a separate named Respondent. On September 17, 1985, Alternate Chairman Webber issued a Prehearing Conference Memorandum and Order, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Hearings on the case were conducted on October 16 and 23, 1985, Alternate Chairman William M. Houston presiding, with Employer Representative Thacher E. Turner and Alternate Employee Representative Russell A. Webb. The Union was represented by Business Agent John A. Perkins, and the Employer was represented by Peter R. Kraft, Esq. The parties were given full opportunity to examine and cross-examine witnesses, to introduce documentary evidence, and to make argument. The Employer filed a post-hearing brief on December 3, 1985, which was duly considered by the Maine Labor Relations Board ("Board"). JURISDICTION Teamsters Local Union No. 48 is the certified bargaining agent, within the definition of 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 962(2), for two bargaining units - one composed of the Patrolmen and the other containing the Sergeant - of persons employed by the Fort Fairfield Police Depart- ment. The Town of Fort Fairfield is the public employer, within the definition of 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 962(7), of the employees mentioned in the preceding sentence. The jurisdiction of the Maine Labor Relations Board to hear this case and to render a decision and order herein lies in 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 968(5). FINDINGS OF FACT Upon review of the entire record, the Labor Relations Board finds: 1. Teamsters Local Union No. 48 is the certified bargaining agent, within the definition of 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 962(2), for two bargain- ing units of persons employed by the Fort Fairfield Police Department. One bargaining unit is composed of the Patrolmen and the other con- sists of the Sergeant. -2- 2. Teamsters Local Union No. 48 attained bargaining agent status for the units mentioned in the preceding paragraph through a bargaining agent election conducted by the Executive Director on April 4, 1985. 3. The Town of Fort Fairfield is the public employer, within the definition of 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 962(7), of the employees in the job classifications noted in paragraph 1 hereof. 4. The regular shift coverage at the Fort Fairfield Police Department consists of one officer on duty per shift, twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week. 5. When, due to illness, vacations, attendance at the Maine Criminal Justice Academy, or for some other reason, a full-time offi- cer is unavailable for duty, a shift vacancy occurs. Such open shifts can be filled in one of three ways: the shift can be offered to a full-time officer as overtime, the shift can be offered to a Reserve officer, or the Chief of Police can work the shift. 6. The decision as to which of the alternative methods, men- tioned in the preceding paragraph, will be used to fill each shift vacancy has always been left to the discretion of the Chief of Police or, in his absence, the Police Sergeant. 7. The person who served as the Chief of the Fort Fairfield Police Department, from January, 1969 to December, 1984, harbored serious concerns about the competence of the Reserve Officers to per- form patrol duties in lieu of the full-time officers because the Reserve officers had not attended the Maine Criminal Justice Academy. 8. Despite the former Police Chief's concerns about utilizing Reserve Officers for patrol duty in lieu of full-time officers, the Reserve Officers have been used to perform such duties, since at least 1981. 9. Despite the objection of the Patrolmen, the Chief of Police often has, during the past several years, scheduled himself to cover -3- shift vacancies, rather than offer said shifts to the full-time offi- cers as overtime. 10. For the past several years, the Chief of Police has scheduled a Reserve officer to work the same patrol shift every Sunday. Had the Reserve officer not been used to cover the Sunday shift, those hours would have been available to be worked by full-time officers as over- time. The Patrolmen voiced protest over the use of the Reserve Officer for the Sunday patrol duty; nevertheless, the Chief of Police continued to assign such duty to the Reserve officer. 11. Prior to May of 1985, no consistent general practice had developed concerning the allocation of overtime at the Fort Fairfield Police Department. 12. The initial return date for all Fort Fairfield Police Depart- ment cases in the Presque Isle District Court occurs on Tuesday morning each week. The Chief of the Fort Fairfield Police Department represents the department in court at that time. 13. Since the Police Chief is in court every Tuesday morning, he is unavailable to perform his duties in Fort Fairfield and his absence creates an open shift which must be filled. 14. For the past several years, a consistent practice has devel- oped of using the officer, who works from midnight on Monday to 8:00 a.m. on Tuesday, to fill the open shift, from 8:00 a.m. to about noon on Tuesday, created by the Chief's absence. The latter Tuesday morn- ing hours are compensated at the overtime rate for the full-time officer who stays on to cover for the Chief. 15. The new Chief of Police reported for duty in early May of 1985. In mid-May, the Chief, pursuant to a general directive to mini- mize overtime hours from the Town Manager and the Town Council, used a Reserve officer to fill the open shift on a Tuesday morning, rather than offering this time as overtime to the regular officer who, nor- mally, would have worked those hours. The Chief took this action without first notifying the bargaining agent thereof. -4- 16. A few days after the Chief's action mentioned in the pre- ceding paragraph, the Sergeant approached the Chief and informed him of the past overtime assignment practice for the Tuesday morning open shift. 17. Shortly after the conversation mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the Police Chief reinstated the past practice noted in paragraph 14 above. 18. The current shift swapping policy at the Fort Fairfield Police Department has been in effect since at least 1963. Under that policy, a Patrolman wishing to swap a shift must first obtain agree- ment from the officer with whom the swap will be made and the arrange- ment must be approved, prior to the occurrence of the swap, by either the Chief of Police or the Police Sergeant. 19. Once the assent of the officer who will work the shift in question has been secured, shift swaps are usually routinely approved by the Chief or the Sergeant. Such swap requests are denied if grant- ing the swap would result in an officer's working a double shift. 20. At all times relevant hereto, Patrolman Wallace Fraser has served as the Union shop steward and as a member of the Union bargain- ing team for the patrolmen's bargaining unit mentioned in paragraph I above. 21. During mid-April, 1985, Patrolman Fraser asked Patrolman Wayne Monson to work a shift for him from midnight to 8:00 a.m. on May 10, 1985. Officer Monson agreed and Fraser requested and received approval for the May 10th shift swap from Sergeant DeMerchant. 22. At a later time, when it appeared that he might wish to extend his vacation and not return from New Jersey in time to work his scheduled midnight to 8:00 a.m. shift on May 13, 1985, Officer Fraser asked and Officer Monson agreed to cover that shift, in the event that Fraser did not in fact return to Fort Fairfield in time to work that shift. -5- 23. While in the course of working the midnight to 8:00 a.m. shift for Officer Fraser on May 10th, Patrolman Monson learned that Fraser had allegedly made some disparaging remarks about certain mem- bers of the Fort Fairfield Police Department, including Officer Monson. 24. Upon hearing what Patrolman Fraser had allegedly said about him, Patrolman Monson approached the Chief on the morning of May 10th and informed him that, despite his earlier agreement to do so, Monson would not cover the midnight to 8:00 a.m. shift on May 13th for Officer Fraser. Knowing what Fraser had allegedly said about Monson, the Chief told Monson that, in the circumstances, the Chief understood Monson's position, that Monson would not have to work the Monday shift, and that the Chief would make certain that the shift in question was covered. The Chief himself worked the midnight to 8:00 a.m. patrol shift on May 13th. 25. Upon learning of the May 13th shift swap during the conver- sation mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the Chief asked Sergeant DeMerchant whether the Sergeant had approved thereof. The Sergeant responded that he had not given his assent to the May 13th shift swap. 26. Upon Officer Fraser's return to work on May 14, 1985, the Chief confronted him with two problems: Fraser's unexcused absence from his scheduled work shift on May 13th and Fraser's allegedly making a certain false arrest. 27. The Chief and Fraser discussed both of the charges mentioned in the preceding paragraph on May 14th. At that time, Fraser did not claim that he had secured prior authorization for the shift swap at issue. 28. Having determined that the first charge listed in paragraph 26 was well founded, the Chief decided to give Fraser a written repri- mand for that transgression and elected to overlook the alleged false arrest incident. 29. The written reprimand mentioned in the preceding paragraph stated: "Due to the action of not reporting to work in proper channels -6- on 5/13/85, Sunday, 12:00 p.m. to Monday 8:00 a.m., this is a written warning." 30. After giving him the reprimand cited in the preceding paragraph, the Chief advised Officer Fraser of his right to file a grievance over the issuance of the warning at the next level of the grievance procedure - the Town Manager's level. 31. Patrolman Fraser exercised his right to file a grievance with the Town Manager over the Police Chief's issuance of the written reprimand. 32. Upon receipt of the grievance mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the Town Manager asked Sergeant DeMerchant to provide him with a written statement concerning the occurrence which was the sub- ject of the reprimand. 33. In response to the request noted in the preceding paragraph, the Sergeant wrote a memorandum which stated, in pertinent part: Officer Fraser was not aware and in no way could have known that a problem had arisen regarding his 12-8 shift on May 13, 1985. Officer Fraser has always been very conscientious about being at his assigned shifts. I did not authorize nor was I approached to authorize the 12-8 shift on May 13, 1985 because it was uncertain if in fact it would have to be covered. I would have authorized Officer Monson to cover the shift(s) in question because he was on day-off both days. 34. As part of his investigation of officer Fraser's grievance, the Town Manager examined the Town's personnel files and determined that the issuance of the written reprimand here was consistent with the type of discipline meted out for transgressions of similar seri- ousness in the past. 35. After meeting with and hearing from all pertinent witnesses, the Town Manager affirmed the issuance of the written reprimand to officer Fraser. During the course of the meeting with the Town Mana- ger, Officer Fraser did not dispute that he had failed to gain the -7- approval of a superior officer prior to the May 13th shift swap; how- ever, Fraser stated that he felt that the written reprimand was too harsh a penalty for the infraction at issue. 36. Patrolman Fraser appealed the Town manager's decision to the next step of the grievance procedure - the Town Council. In taking his appeal, Officer Fraser wrote a letter to the Police Chief and the Town Manager, on June 21, 1985, which read, in relevant part: As a result of our meeting on June 17, 1985, I agree with you on the points that were discussed. But I still feel that the written reprimand is too harsh a punishment for the alleged violation. As you said in our meeting that if I wished that I could have a meeting with the Town Council on the subject of my grievance. By this letter I am requesting that you set up a meeting with the Town Council. . . . 37. Pursuant to Officer Fraser's request therefor, the Fort Fairfield Town Council met in executive session to hear the grievance appeal, during July of 1985. After hearing testimony from all wit- nesses and deliberating the matter, the Town Council affirmed the issuance of the written reprimand. DECISION The Union's first contention is that, by unilaterally changing the overtime allocation policy, the Employer violated 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 964(1)(E). The implementation of changes in mandatory subjects of bargaining, without first notifying and affording the bargaining agent the opportunity of demanding negotiations thereon, contravenes the duty to bargain created by [Sec.] 965(1) of the Act and violates [Sec.] 964(1) (E). This tenet of labor law is grounded on the principle that an employer's unilateral change in a mandatory subject of bargaining "is a circumvention of the duty to negotiate which frustrates the objec- tives of [the Act] much as does a flat refusal." NLRB v. Katz, 369 U.S. 736, 743, 82 S.Ct. 1107, 1111, 8 L.Ed.2d 230 (1962); Lane v. Board of Directors of M.S.A.D. No. 8, 447 A.2d 806, 809-810 (Me. 1982). The Board has outlined the elements required to establish an unlawful unilateral change as follows: -8- In order to constitute a violation of [Sec.] 964(1) (E), three elements must be present. The public employer's action must: (1). be unilateral, (2) be a change from a well-established practice, and (3) involve one or more of the mandatory subjects of bargaining. Bangor Fire Fighters Association v. City of Bangor, MLRB No. 84-15, at 8 (Apr. 4, 1984). An employer's action is unilateral if it is taken without prior notice to the bargaining agent of the employees involved in order to afford said repesentative a reasonable opportunity to demand negotiations on the contemplated change. City of Bangor v. A.F.S.C.M.E., Council 74, 449 A.2d 1129, 1135 (Me. 1982). Teamsters Local Union No. 48 v. Eastport School Department, MLRB No. 85-18, at 4 (Oct. 10, 1985). As the party averring that a prohibited practice had occurred, the Union bears the burden of proving the ele- ments of the prohibited practice alleged. The Union has averred that the Employer implemented unlawful uni- lateral changes in two separate instances. First, the Union contended that the consistent past practice had been to offer open shifts to the full-time officers as overtime. Despite this alleged past practice, the Union charged that the Employer has begun to offer open shifts to the Reserve officers, without first offering those hours to the full- time officers as overtime. As noted above, one of the elements which must be established to prove the occurrence of an unlawful unilateral change is that the employer's action must be a departure from a well- established practice. In this context, we are unable to find that the full-time officers had, as a consistent past practice, the right of first refusal to work open shifts as overtime. Even adopting the Union's view of the Chief of Police as a full-time officer, we were unable to discern a consistent past practice in connection with the filling of open shifts with full-time officers. The evidence demon- strated that the filling of open shifts was a matter left solely to the Chief's discretion and that the former Chief followed no consis- tent policy in exercising that discretion. On occasion, the Chief would work the open shift himself, other times he would assign the hours to the full-time officers as overtime, and in some instances he would offer the hours to Reserve officers. The Union was unable to -9- show that, on those occasions when the open shifts were covered by Reserve officers, the full-time officers had been offered and had refused to work the hours in question. Since the Union was unable to establish the existence of the past practice which was allegedly contravened, we are unable to conclude that the Employer's actions, in connection with the general overtime allocation policy, constituted an unlawful unilateral change. The second instance, in which the Union averred that the Employer had violated [Sec.] 964(1)(E), concerned a change in the Tuesday morning shift coverage policy. In this case, the Union did establish all of the elements necessary to prove an unlawful unilateral change. In one of our earliest decisions, we held that an overtime allocation policy is a mandatory subject of bargaining, within the scope of [Sec.] 965(1)(C) of the Act. Council 74, AFSCME v. City of South Portland, PELRB Nos. 73-13 and 73-14, at 19-20 (Sept. 28, 1973). Second, the record esta- blished that, for the past several years, a consistent practice had developed of using the officer who works the midnight to 8:00 a.m. shift on Tuesday to cover the Tuesday morning shift for the Chief, who is in District Court at that time. Finally, the evidence showed that, in early May of 1985 and without prior notice to the Union, the Chief used a Reserve Officer to fill the Tuesday morning shift, rather than offering it to the regular officer. The Employer, therefore, unila- terally changed the Tuesday morning overtime allocation practice. Shortly after being notified of the past practice by a unit employee, the Chief reinstated the past practice. Since the Chief had been recently hired and might not have been aware of the past practice and because he promptly reinstated the practice upon learning of its exis- tence, we hold that, in the circumstances, the Employer's action did not violate [Sec.] 964(1)(E) of the Act. The second major contention in the prohibited practices complaint was that, by issuing a written reprimand to the Union steward, the Employer violated [Sec.] 964(1)(B) and, derivatively, [Sec.] 964(1)(A). Since its initial adoption in Holmes v. Town of Old orchard, MLRB No. 82-14 (Sept. 27, 1982); aff'd sub nom. Town of Old Orchard Beach v. Old -10- Orchard Beach Police Patrolmen's Ass'n., York Super. Ct., Docket No. CV-82-613 (Oct. 27, 1983), we have consistently applied the National Labor Relations Board's (NLRB) "Wright Line" test in the 'dual motive' disciplinary context. Ritchie v. Town of Hampden, MLRB No. 83-15 (July 18, 1983), aff'd sub nom. Town of Hampden v. Maine Labor Relations Board, Penobscot Super. Ct., Docket No. CV-82-407 (Sept. 14, 1984). Our use of the "Wright Line" in 'dual motive' cases arising under the parallel section of the State Employees Labor Relations Act, 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 979-C(1)(B), has been approved by the Supreme Judicial Court. Maine State Employees Ass'n. v. State Development Office, 499 A.2d 165, 168-169 (Me. 1985). Subsequent to the Board's adoption thereof, the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed the NLRB's use of the "Wright Line" test. Mr. Justice white, writing for a una- nimous Court, has outlined the "Wright Line" test as follows: The Board held that the General Counsel, of course, had the burden of proving that the employee's con- duct protected by Section 7 was a substantial or a motivating factor in the discharge. Even if this was the case, and the employer failed to rebut it, the employer could avoid being held in violation of Sections 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(3) by proving by a pre- ponderance of the evidence that the discharge rested on the employee's unprotected conduct as well and that the employee would have lost his job in any event. It thus became clear, if it was not clear before, that proof that the discharge would have occurred in any event and for valid reasons amounted to an affirmative defense on which the employer carried the burden of proof by a prepon- derance of the evidence. NLRB v. Transportation Management Corp., 462 U.S. 393, 400, 103 S.Ct. 2469, 2473, 76 L.Ed. 2d 667 (1983) (footnotes omitted), cited and adopted by the Board, Ross v. Portland School Committee, MLRB No. 83-04, at 19 (Aug. 29, 1983). Since there is no General Counsel in practice before this Board, the complainant must be substituted for the General Counsel in the above description. The contention that the issuance of a written reprimand violated 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 964(1)(B) is based on the following premises: (1) there is a long-standing shift swapping policy in effect at the Fort Fairfield Police Department, (2) the employee involved was appointed -11- to serve as the Union's shop steward shortly before the incident at issue and he is a member of the Union's bargaining team, (3) in satis- faction of the shift swapping practice, the employee secured a re- placement to cover a shift on May 13th by gaining the agreement of the replacement employee and the approval of a superior officer and (4) despite having adhered to the established shift swapping practice, the Union steward received a written reprimand for an unauthorized absence from duty for the May 13th shift. Had it been able to substantiate all of these assertions through relevant evidence, the Union may well have satisfied its burden of proof under the first prong of the "Wright Line" test. The evidence, however, failed to prove the third averment. The record indicated that the employee secured the assent of the officer who would cover the shift in question but that he failed to seek or gain the approval of a superior officer, prior to the shift swap. We based this finding on Sergeant DeMerchant's letter, quoted in paragraph 33 of our findings of fact, as well as upon the testimony of Chief Nicholson and of the Town Manager. Both of the latter individuals stated that, when confronted with the alle- gation that he had failed to gain the approval of a superior officer prior to the May 13th shift swap, Officer Fraser did not deny the charge. This testimony was corroborated by Fraser's letter cited in paragraph 36 of our findings. We must conclude that the reprimand was well founded and, in the circumstances, was an appropriate sanction for the transgression involved. Since the Union was unable to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the employee's protected activities were a substantial or a motivating factor in the issuance of the reprimand, we hold that the Employer's action did not violate [Sec.] 964(1)(B) of the Act. We have also considered and rejected the argument that the issuance of the reprimand to Officer Fraser contravened 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 964(1)(A). The legal standard used in considering alleged violations of said section has been outlined by the Board as follows: "A finding of interference, restraint or coercion does not turn on the employer's motive or on whether the coercion succeeded or failed, however, but is based on 'whether the employer engaged in -12- conduct which, it may reasonably be said, tends to interfere with the free exercise of employee rights under the Act.' NLRB v. Ford, 170 F.2d 735, 738 (6th Cir. 1948); Teamsters Local 48 v. Town of Oakland, MLRB No. 78-30 at 3 (Aug. 24, 1978)." Maine State Employees Ass'n. v. Department of Human Services, MLRB No. 81-35, at 4-5 (June 26, 1981); cited with approval in Maine State Employees Ass'n., supra, at 8-9. The facts cited below dispel any notion that the Employer's action tended to interfere with the exer- cise of rights under the Act. The employee who received the reprimand had violated the established past practice; therefore, the issuance of some discipline was warranted. Prior to issuing the reprimand, the Police Chief interviewed all pertinent witnesses in order to ascertain the relevant facts. In imposing the discipline, the Chief opted to ignore the equally serious false arrest charge involving the same employee. Prior to affirming the issuance of the reprimand, the Town Manager heard from all pertinent witnesses, reviewed the Town's per- sonnel files and determined that the written reprimand was consistent with sanctions meted out in the past for similar transgressions. At each step, the Employer's agents advised the employee of his right to pursue the matter through the established grievance procedure. In the circumstances, it cannot reasonably be said that the Employer's action tended to interfere with the exercise of rights under the Act. We hold, therefore, that the Employer's issuance of the written reprimand to Patrolman Fraser did not violate 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 964(1)(A). The Union further alleged that the Employer's actions violated 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 964(1)(C). We have repeatedly noted that that section of the Act "is directed at the evil of too much financial or other sup- port of, encouraging the formation of, or actually participating in, the affairs of the union and thereby potentially dominating it." Teamsters Local 48 v. Eastport School Department, MLRB No. 85-18, at 8 (Oct. 10, 1985); Teamsters Local 48 v. Town of Kittery, MLRB No. 84-25, at 4 (July 13, 1984). In this case, the Employer neither par- ticipated in nor otherwise supported the activities of the Union. The Board holds, therefore, that the Employer did not violate [Sec.] 964(1)(C) of the Act. -13- The final allegation in the Union's complaint is that the Employer's actions violated Section 964(1)(D) of the Act. That sec- tion of the Act protects the rights of employees and employee organi- zations to file complaints or petitions with or to give testimony before this Board by protecting employees involved in any stage of a Labor Relations Board proceeding from a wide variety of discrimina- tory actions by the employer. See, e.g., NLRB v. Scrivener, 405 U.S. 117, 121-125 (1971).- Town of Kittery, supra at 5, quoting, Southern Aroostook Teachers Association v. Southern Aroostook Community School Committee, MLRB Nos. 80-35 and 80-40, at 24 (April 14, 1982). No evi- dence was submitted to establish that any of the employees of the Fort Fairfield Police Department had ever appeared as a witness before this Board or had ever filed a petition or complaint with us. The facts in this case clearly do not involve a violation of 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 964(1) (D). ORDER On the basis of the foregoing findings of fact and discussion, and by virtue of and pursuant to the powers granted to the Maine Labor Relations Board by the provisions of 26 M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 968(5)(C) (1974), it is ORDERED: That the prohibited practices complaint, filed on August 14, 1985, in Case No. 86-01, be and hereby is dismissed. Dated at Augusta, Maine, this 24th day of January, 1986. MAINE LABOR RELATIONS BOARD The parties are advised of /s/____________________________ their right pursuant to 26 William M. Houston M.R.S.A. [Sec.] 968(5)(F) (Supp. Alternate Chairman 1985) to seek review of this decision and order by the Superior Court by filing a complaint in accordance with /s/____________________________ Rule 80B of the Rules of Thacher E. Turner Civil Procedure within 15 Employer Representative days of the date of the decision. /s/____________________________ Russell A. Webb Alternate Employee Rep. -14-